Step 1 : Introduction to the question "What branch of mathematics was developed by Isaac Newton?"
...Isaac Newton developed calculus in the late 17th century after realizing there was no existing mathematical framework to describe problems such as the speed of a falling object. Newton created what he called the “method of fluxions,” a system focused on motion, rates of change, and accumulation, which he later used to formulate his laws of motion and universal gravitation. Around the same time, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed calculus independently, and despite differing notation, their combined work laid the foundation for modern calculus.
