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the charge of an electron was determined in the __________
Elementary charge - Wikipedia
Electron rest mass - Wikipedia
Electronegativity - Wikipedia
Electronegativity - Wikipedia
In the Standard Model of particle physics electrons belong to the group of subatomic particles called leptons which are believed to be fundamental or elementary particles. Electrons have the lowest mass of any charged lepton (or electrically charged particle of any type) and belong to the first-generation of fundamental particles. The second and third generation contain charged leptons the muon and the tau which are identical to the electron in charge spin and interactions but are more massive. Leptons differ from the other basic constituent of matter the quarks by their lack of
In the Standard Model of particle physics electrons belong to the group of subatomic particles called leptons which are believed to be fundamental or elementary particles. Electrons have the lowest mass of any charged lepton (or electrically charged particle of any type) and belong to the first-generation of fundamental particles. The second and third generation contain charged leptons the muon and the tau which are identical to the electron in charge spin and interactions but are more massive. Leptons differ from the other basic constituent of matter the quarks by their lack of strong interaction. All members of the lepton group are fermions because they all have half-odd integer spin; the electron has spin 1/2. The invariant mass of an electron is approximately 9.109×10 kilograms or 5.489×10 atomic mass units. On the basis of Einstein's principle of mass–energy equivalence this mass corresponds to a rest energy of 0.511 MeV. The ratio between the mass of a proton and that of an electron is about 1836. Astronomical measurements show that the proton-to-electron mass ratio has held the same value as is predicted by the Standard Model for at least half the age of the universe. Electrons have an electric charge of −1.602176634×10 coulombs which is used as a standard unit of charge for subatomic particles and is also called the elementary charge. Within the limits of experimental accuracy the electron charge is identical to the charge of a proton but with the opposite sign. As the symbol e is used for the elementary charge the electron is commonly symbolized by e where the minus sign indicates the negative charge. The positron is symbolized by e because it has the same properties as the electron but with a positive rather than negative charge. The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin of 1/2. This property is usually stated by referring to the electron as a spin-1/2particle. For such particles the spin magn...
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